Why Do People Hike in Tevas? Exploring the Allure of Open-Toed Footwear on the Trail
Why Do People Hike in Tevas?
You might have seen them – a flash of brightly colored webbing, toes wiggling freely against a backdrop of rugged terrain. It’s a common sight on many trails, especially in warmer climates or during summer months: people hiking in Tevas. For some, it’s the only way they’ll hit the dirt, while for others, it’s a conscious choice born from experience. So, why exactly do people hike in Tevas? At its core, the answer lies in a unique blend of comfort, versatility, and a connection to the natural world that traditional hiking boots can sometimes obscure.
I remember my first time venturing onto a desert trail in Arizona, the sun beating down relentlessly. I was all kitted out in sturdy, waterproof hiking boots, convinced I was prepared for anything. By midday, my feet were sweltering, blistered, and frankly, miserable. I watched, a mixture of envy and curiosity, as fellow hikers breezed past in what looked suspiciously like glorified sandals. They were laughing, pointing out desert wildflowers, and seemingly unbothered by the heat. It was then that the question truly planted itself in my mind: why do people hike in Tevas, and could this unconventional footwear actually be a viable option for certain types of adventures?
This article aims to delve deep into that very question. We'll explore the myriad reasons why hikers opt for Teva sandals, examining their benefits, the specific scenarios where they excel, and the considerations that go into making them a practical choice. We’ll also address some common misconceptions and offer guidance on how to approach hiking in open-toed footwear safely and effectively. Prepare to discover that the answer to "Why do people hike in Tevas?" is far more nuanced and compelling than you might initially imagine.
The Appeal of Freedom: Comfort and Airflow
The most immediate and perhaps most compelling reason why people hike in Tevas boils down to sheer comfort, particularly in warm weather. Traditional hiking boots, while offering excellent support and protection, can often feel like ovens for your feet when temperatures soar. The enclosed nature of boots means limited airflow, trapping heat and moisture. This can quickly lead to a host of unpleasant issues, from sweaty feet and chafing to the dreaded blisters.
Teva sandals, with their open-strap design, offer unparalleled breathability. This allows for a constant circulation of air, effectively cooling the feet and wicking away moisture. For hikers tackling trails in deserts, along coastlines, or through lush, humid forests during the summer, this ventilation is not just a luxury; it's a necessity for sustained comfort. My own experience in that Arizona heat was a stark lesson in the limitations of overly protective footwear when the environment doesn't demand it.
Furthermore, the feeling of freedom that open-toed footwear provides can enhance the hiking experience. It allows for a more tactile connection with the environment. You can feel the gentle breeze on your skin, the subtle changes in ground texture beneath your soles, and the warmth of the sun. This sensory engagement can make the hike feel more immersive and enjoyable, fostering a deeper appreciation for the natural world. It’s a sentiment echoed by many who find that boots create a barrier between them and the trail.
When considering why people hike in Tevas, this unhindered comfort is a primary driver. It’s about choosing footwear that works *with* the conditions, not against them. This doesn’t mean sacrificing all support, as many Teva models are designed with ergonomic footbeds and secure strap systems that offer a surprising amount of stability.
The Versatility Factor: From Trail to Town
Beyond immediate comfort, the sheer versatility of Teva sandals is another significant factor contributing to their popularity on the trail. Many hikers appreciate footwear that can seamlessly transition from an outdoor adventure to other aspects of their day without requiring a full shoe change. Tevas often fit this bill perfectly.
Imagine completing a moderate day hike, perhaps to a scenic overlook or a waterfall, and then wanting to stop for a casual lunch or explore a nearby town. In sturdy hiking boots, you might feel overdressed or out of place. Tevas, however, can often blend in more readily in casual settings. This is particularly true for models that feature more subdued colorways or sleeker designs.
This multi-functional appeal is a practical advantage. It means packing lighter for trips where hiking is just one part of the itinerary. Instead of bringing both hiking boots and casual shoes, a single pair of versatile Tevas can often suffice. This is a consideration for backpackers, road-trippers, and even day hikers who value efficiency and minimalism in their gear choices. The question "Why do people hike in Tevas?" certainly includes this aspect of making their gear work harder and smarter.
I’ve personally found this to be incredibly useful on shorter trips. After a morning spent exploring a coastal trail, slipping off my Tevas for a quick dip in the ocean and then heading to a beachside cafe felt natural and effortless. The quick-drying nature of many Teva materials further enhances this transition. It’s this ability to serve multiple purposes that makes them a go-to choice for a diverse range of activities, not just dedicated backcountry treks.
When Tevas Shine: Ideal Hiking Scenarios
While the idea of hiking in any open-toed footwear might seem counterintuitive to some, there are indeed specific types of trails and environments where Tevas are not just acceptable, but arguably superior. Understanding these scenarios is key to appreciating why people hike in Tevas.
Water Crossings and Wet Trails
One of the most obvious and practical applications for Tevas on a hike is in environments with frequent water crossings. Whether it's wading through shallow streams, navigating muddy riverbanks, or hiking trails that are consistently wet and marshy, Tevas excel. They allow your feet to get wet without the usual discomfort associated with waterlogged boots. Boots, once soaked, can become heavy, chafe, and take a very long time to dry, significantly increasing the risk of blisters and discomfort. Tevas, on the other hand, drain quickly and dry relatively fast, minimizing the disruption caused by water.
I’ve personally found Tevas invaluable on hikes along the Pacific Northwest’s Olympic Peninsula, where stream crossings are common and the trails can be perpetually damp. The ability to simply step through a stream, let the water drain, and continue walking without missing a beat is a game-changer. This is a prime example of why people hike in Tevas: for practicality in challenging, wet conditions.
Hot and Dry Climates
As mentioned earlier, hot and dry climates are a sweet spot for Teva hiking. Deserts, arid canyons, and sun-baked trails are notorious for making feet overheat. The superior ventilation provided by Tevas allows feet to breathe, significantly reducing the risk of heat exhaustion and foot fatigue. The feeling of cool air circulating around your feet on a scorching day is incredibly welcome. While protection from sharp rocks and debris is still a consideration, the comfort gained from not having your feet encased in hot footwear can be paramount for many hikers in these regions.
Casual Day Hikes and Established Trails
For many, the question "Why do people hike in Tevas?" also relates to the *type* of hike. They are perfectly suited for well-maintained, established trails that don't present significant technical challenges. Think of gentle forest paths, well-graded trails to viewpoints, or park trails where the primary goal is moderate exercise and enjoying the scenery. On these trails, the need for aggressive ankle support or heavy-duty protection might be minimal, making the comfort and freedom of Tevas a more attractive option.
Around Camp and Short Excursions
Even for backpackers who might opt for more robust footwear on the trail itself, Tevas often make an appearance around camp. They serve as comfortable, breathable camp shoes, allowing feet to air out after a long day in boots. They are also ideal for short excursions from a base camp or for quick trips to a nearby amenity when heavy-duty footwear isn't necessary.
Addressing Concerns: Protection and Support
It’s natural for many to wonder about the potential downsides of hiking in open-toed footwear. Concerns about protection from hazards, ankle support, and the risk of stubbed toes are valid and important to consider. So, how do Tevas and similar sandals stack up in these areas, and why do people still choose them despite these perceived limitations?
Protection from Trail Hazards
The most significant concern often raised is protection from sharp rocks, roots, thorns, and insects. Traditional hiking boots offer a substantial barrier against these elements. Teva sandals, while not offering the same level of enclosure, have evolved. Many models feature robust soles with good grip, offering protection from sharp objects underfoot. Some designs also incorporate toe bumpers or more substantial straps that provide a degree of protection against stubbing your toes or impacts.
However, it’s crucial to acknowledge that hiking in Tevas inherently involves a higher risk of encountering these hazards directly. This is why it's essential for hikers to be aware of their surroundings, watch their step carefully, and choose trails that align with the protective capabilities of their footwear. For extremely rocky, root-filled, or overgrown trails, Tevas might not be the wisest choice. This is where the hiker's judgment and knowledge of the terrain become paramount. The decision to hike in Tevas is often a calculated one, weighing the benefits of comfort against the risks associated with the specific trail.
Ankle Support
Another common question is about ankle support. Hiking boots are designed to provide a significant level of ankle stability, which can be crucial for preventing sprains on uneven terrain. Teva sandals, being low-cut, offer minimal to no direct ankle support. For individuals who have a history of ankle instability or are tackling very challenging, off-camber trails, this lack of support could be a significant drawback.
However, for hikers with strong ankles and those traversing more stable terrain, the need for extensive ankle support from footwear might be less critical. Furthermore, the secure strapping system on most Tevas does provide a good lockdown for the foot, preventing excessive movement within the sandal itself. This helps maintain overall stability, even without direct ankle support. It’s a trade-off that many hikers are willing to make for the enhanced comfort and freedom, particularly in less demanding conditions.
Traction and Grip
Modern Teva sandals are designed with outdoor use in mind, and this includes their soles. Many models feature lugged outsoles made from rubber compounds specifically engineered to provide excellent traction on a variety of surfaces, including wet rocks, dirt, and gravel. Brands often collaborate with companies known for their durable and grippy outsole technology, ensuring that hikers can feel confident even on slippery terrain. When considering why people hike in Tevas, the improved traction on many contemporary models is a key factor that mitigates some of the perceived risks.
Choosing the Right Tevas for Hiking
Not all Teva sandals are created equal, and selecting the right model is crucial for a positive hiking experience. If you're considering venturing out in open-toed footwear, understanding the features to look for can make all the difference.
Key Features to Consider:
- Sole Thickness and Tread: Look for sandals with a substantial, durable sole that offers good cushioning and protection from underfoot impacts. A deeply lugged tread pattern will provide better grip on varied terrain.
- Strap Material and Adjustability: Webbing straps made from durable, quick-drying materials like nylon are ideal. The adjustability of the straps is also key. Look for models with multiple adjustment points (e.g., heel strap, forefoot strap) to ensure a secure and customizable fit.
- Footbed Design: An anatomically shaped footbed that provides arch support and cushioning can significantly enhance comfort, especially on longer hikes. Some footbeds are treated with antimicrobial agents to help reduce odor.
- Water-Friendly Materials: If you anticipate encountering water, choose sandals made from materials that are designed to get wet and dry quickly, such as synthetics and quick-drying webbing.
- Durability: For hiking, you’ll want a pair that is built to last. Check reviews and product descriptions for indications of robust construction and durable materials.
Teva Models Popular for Hiking (Examples):
While specific models change, some lines within the Teva brand are consistently popular among hikers due to their features:
- Teva Original Universal: A classic, simple design, often chosen for its lightweight feel and excellent ventilation. Best suited for well-maintained trails and warmer conditions where extreme protection isn't paramount.
- Teva Hurricane Series (e.g., Hurricane XLT2): These models often offer more robust soles, enhanced cushioning, and more adjustable strapping systems than the Original Universal, providing a good balance of comfort and support for a variety of hikes.
- Teva Terra Fi Series: Typically featuring even more substantial soles, enhanced cushioning, and a more rugged construction, the Terra Fi series leans towards more adventurous day hikes or situations where a bit more underfoot protection is desired.
When deciding, it’s always best to try them on and see how they feel on your feet. Consider the types of trails you most frequently hike and match them to the features of the sandal. This thoughtful approach is part of why people hike in Tevas successfully – they don’t just grab any pair; they choose wisely.
Personal Perspectives and Anecdotes
The decision to hike in Tevas often comes down to personal preference and a cumulative series of experiences. Many seasoned hikers develop a deep appreciation for this footwear choice after years of testing different gear.
Consider my friend, Sarah, a dedicated trail runner and hiker who lives in Southern California. She primarily uses trail running shoes for her more intense workouts, but for day hikes in places like Joshua Tree or Griffith Park, she swears by her Tevas. "My feet just breathe so much better," she told me. "I've tried hiking boots in those places, and I end up with soaked socks and a general feeling of being miserable. With my Tevas, I feel more connected to the trail, and honestly, I think I'm more aware of where I'm stepping because my toes are a bit more exposed. It’s a different kind of confidence, I guess."
Another anecdote comes from a backpacker I met on the Appalachian Trail. He carried a pair of lightweight hiking boots for the more rugged sections, but he always brought a pair of Teva sandals to wear at the end of the day. "Man, after 15 miles in boots, taking them off and slipping into these is pure heaven," he said, gesturing to his worn Tevas. "My feet can finally breathe. We call them 'resupply sandals' because you can wear them around town when you hit a trail town, and they don't look too out of place. They’re just so darn practical."
These personal stories highlight the practical and sensory benefits that draw people to Tevas. It’s not just about a trend; it's about finding what works best for an individual's feet, their hiking style, and the environments they explore. The question "Why do people hike in Tevas?" is answered by these individual journeys and discoveries.
The "Connection to the Earth" Factor
There’s a philosophical element to why some hikers prefer open-toed footwear like Tevas. For many, it’s about fostering a more intimate connection with the natural world. When your feet are encased in thick boots, there can be a sense of detachment from the ground beneath you. Tevas, by their very nature, reduce this barrier.
This can translate into a heightened awareness of the trail. You might feel the subtle shifts in the earth, the texture of moss-covered rocks, or the warmth radiating from sun-baked soil. This direct sensory input can make the hiking experience feel more grounded and immersive. It’s a sensation that some describe as feeling more “one with nature.”
Think about it: can you truly feel the coolness of a shaded forest floor or the texture of smooth river stones through a thick hiking boot? For proponents of Teva hiking, the answer is likely no. This desire for a more primal, sensory connection is a significant, though often unspoken, reason why people hike in Tevas. It's a choice that prioritizes a more direct engagement with the environment.
Comparing Tevas to Other Footwear Options
To fully understand why people hike in Tevas, it’s helpful to compare them to other common hiking footwear choices:
Teva Sandals vs. Hiking Boots
Hiking Boots: Offer maximum protection, ankle support, and durability for rough terrain. They are ideal for challenging, technical trails, off-trail navigation, and carrying heavy loads. Downsides include heat, weight, long drying times, and a less direct feel for the trail.
Teva Sandals: Offer superior breathability and comfort in warm weather, quick drying times, versatility, and a more connected feel to the trail. Downsides include reduced protection from hazards, less ankle support, and suitability primarily for less technical terrain.
Teva Sandals vs. Trail Running Shoes
Trail Running Shoes: Provide a good balance of cushioning, grip, and protection while being lighter and more flexible than hiking boots. They are excellent for fast-paced hiking and less technical trails. Downsides can include less overall durability compared to boots and sometimes less warmth in cooler weather.
Teva Sandals: While offering less overall foot protection than trail runners, Tevas often surpass them in terms of breathability and quick-drying capabilities, making them ideal for very hot or wet conditions where even a trail runner might feel too constricting or slow to dry.
Teva Sandals vs. Water Shoes/Aquatic Footwear
Water Shoes/Aquatic Footwear: Primarily designed for water sports, they offer excellent drainage and grip in wet environments but often lack the durability, cushioning, and underfoot protection needed for sustained hiking on varied trails. They can be flimsy and wear out quickly under hiking stresses.
Teva Sandals: Many Teva models are designed with robust soles and durable construction that allow them to handle trail use far better than dedicated water shoes. While they excel in wet conditions, they also offer more protection and support for walking on land.
This comparison helps illustrate that Tevas carve out their own niche. They aren't a replacement for hiking boots on challenging expeditions, but they offer compelling advantages in specific scenarios where comfort, breathability, and a direct trail connection are prioritized. This nuanced understanding is key to answering why people hike in Tevas.
Safety Considerations for Hiking in Tevas
While the appeal of Tevas is strong, safety must always be the top priority. If you're considering hiking in them, here are some essential safety considerations:
Know Your Terrain
This is paramount. Tevas are best suited for well-maintained trails, moderate terrain, and warmer conditions. Avoid them for highly technical hikes with significant scree fields, exposed ledges, or dense undergrowth where protection is critical.
Watch Your Step
With open toes, you need to be extra mindful of your footing. Be deliberate with each step, especially on uneven ground, to avoid stubbing your toes on rocks or roots.
Be Prepared for the Elements
While great for heat, Tevas offer little insulation. If temperatures drop unexpectedly, your feet can get cold quickly. Always check the weather forecast and be prepared with extra socks or alternative footwear if conditions are unpredictable.
Carry Essential First-Aid
Blister prevention and treatment are still important, even in sandals. Carry a small first-aid kit with bandages, antiseptic wipes, and blister treatment supplies. Also, consider carrying insect repellent if hiking in areas with a high population of biting insects.
Hydration is Key
Hiking in warm weather, even in breathable footwear, can lead to dehydration. Ensure you carry an adequate supply of water for your hike.
Inform Someone of Your Plans
As with any hike, let someone know where you're going and when you expect to return. This is standard safety practice regardless of your footwear.
Frequently Asked Questions About Hiking in Tevas
Can I really hike long distances in Tevas?
Yes, many people do! The answer depends heavily on the type of terrain, your personal foot strength, and the specific Teva model you're using. For well-maintained trails, moderate distances, and warm weather, a supportive Teva model with a good footbed and durable sole can be perfectly comfortable for long days. Think of the vast network of established trails in national and state parks, or coastal paths. However, if your idea of "long distance" involves rugged, off-trail scrambling, steep ascents and descents on loose rock, or challenging river crossings with significant depth, then traditional hiking boots or sturdy trail shoes would likely be a more appropriate choice. It's about matching your footwear to the demands of the trail. Many hikers find that after years of hiking in boots, their feet have become conditioned to handle more in less restrictive footwear, and Tevas offer a welcome change of pace, allowing for greater comfort and a more natural feel of the ground.
The key is to build up to longer distances gradually. If you're new to hiking in Tevas, start with shorter, easier hikes. Pay attention to how your feet feel – are they getting sore, are there any hot spots developing, or are you feeling any instability? This feedback is crucial. Over time, as your feet and ankles adapt, you'll be better equipped to gauge your comfort levels for longer treks. Furthermore, the advancements in Teva sandal technology, such as improved cushioning, more aggressive tread patterns, and advanced strapping systems, mean that modern versions are far more capable than their predecessors, making them a viable option for a wider range of hikers and distances.
What are the risks of hiking in Tevas that I should be aware of?
The primary risks associated with hiking in Tevas stem from their open design and the reduced protection they offer compared to closed-toe footwear. These include:
- Stubbed Toes: The most obvious risk is hitting your toes on rocks, roots, or other trail obstacles. This can range from a minor bump to a painful injury.
- Cuts and Scrapes: Exposed skin on your feet is more vulnerable to cuts from sharp objects, thorns, or rough surfaces.
- Insect Bites and Stings: Unlike boots that offer a barrier, sandals leave your feet exposed to potential bites from insects like ants, spiders, or even snakes if you're not careful about where you step.
- Debris and Punctures: Small, sharp objects like gravel, thorns, or even broken glass can sometimes penetrate the sole or get lodged between straps, causing discomfort or injury.
- Ankle Instability on Uneven Terrain: Because Tevas offer little to no ankle support, hikers with a history of ankle injuries or those navigating very uneven, rocky, or off-camber trails may be at a higher risk of sprains.
- Cold Feet in Cooler Temperatures: While excellent for ventilation, Tevas provide no insulation. In cooler weather or if temperatures drop unexpectedly, your feet can become very cold, increasing discomfort and potentially leading to other issues.
It's important to reiterate that these risks are mitigated by choosing appropriate trails, being mindful of your surroundings, and selecting Teva models with robust soles and secure strapping. For many, the benefits of comfort and breathability outweigh these risks, especially in specific hiking environments.
When is it definitely NOT a good idea to hike in Tevas?
There are certainly situations where hiking in Tevas is ill-advised. These typically involve conditions or terrains that demand maximum protection and support:
- Technical Mountaineering or Scrambling: Trails that involve significant rock climbing, steep ascents/descents on loose scree, or highly exposed sections require the grip, protection, and ankle support of dedicated climbing or mountaineering boots.
- Extremely Rough, Rocky, or Root-Tangled Trails: If the trail is predominantly made up of sharp rocks, exposed roots, or dense undergrowth, the risk of toe-stubbing, cuts, and punctures becomes very high.
- Off-Trail Exploration in Unknown Territory: Venturing into dense brush, thickets, or areas with hidden hazards (like sinkholes or unseen drops) necessitates the full protection of sturdy hiking boots.
- Cold Weather or Snowy Conditions: Tevas offer no insulation and will lead to rapid heat loss in cold environments. They are also not designed for traction on snow or ice.
- Trails Known for Venomous Snakes or Dangerous Insects: If you are in an area with a high concentration of venomous snakes or other dangerous creatures, closed-toe footwear provides an essential layer of defense.
- Carrying Very Heavy Backpacks: When shouldering a heavy load for multi-day backpacking trips, the added weight can exacerbate instability and increase the risk of ankle rolls, making supportive boots a safer choice.
- Individuals with Pre-existing Ankle Issues: If you have a history of ankle sprains or chronic ankle instability, the lack of support from Tevas could be detrimental.
In essence, if a trail demands a high level of protection, stability, and insulation, Tevas are likely not the best choice. It's always a judgment call based on the specific trail conditions and your personal abilities.
Are there specific Teva models designed for hiking, or are any Tevas suitable?
While Teva offers a wide range of sandals, some models are indeed better suited for hiking than others. Teva designs many of its sandals with outdoor activities in mind. When looking for a hiking-appropriate Teva, pay attention to:
- Sole Construction: Models like the Hurricane XLT2, Terra Fi series, and some of their more rugged M's or W's series often feature thicker, more durable soles with deeper lugs for better traction and underfoot protection. These are generally better for hiking than very flat, minimalist designs.
- Footbed Comfort and Support: Look for sandals with anatomically shaped footbeds that offer cushioning and arch support. This is crucial for comfort on longer hikes.
- Strap System: A secure and adjustable strapping system is vital. Multiple adjustment points (e.g., over the forefoot, instep, and around the heel) allow you to customize the fit for maximum stability and to prevent the sandal from shifting on your foot.
- Durability: Higher-end models designed for more active use tend to use more robust materials that can withstand the wear and tear of hiking.
While a classic Original Universal might be fine for a very short, flat stroll on a paved path, it's generally not recommended for anything resembling a true hike. For more serious trail use, investing in a model specifically designed for outdoor activities within the Teva range (like the Hurricane or Terra Fi lines) will provide a significantly better and safer experience. Always check product descriptions and reviews for their intended use.
How do I prevent blisters and discomfort when hiking in Tevas?
Blister prevention is key, and it's achievable even in open-toed footwear. Here's how:
- Proper Fit: Ensure your Tevas fit snugly and securely. Straps should be adjusted to prevent excessive movement of your foot within the sandal. A loose sandal can cause friction points.
- Break Them In: Even sandals benefit from a break-in period. Wear them around the house and on short walks before tackling a long hike to allow the straps and footbed to mold to your feet.
- Keep Your Feet Dry (When Possible): While Tevas are water-friendly, prolonged exposure to moisture and friction is a recipe for blisters. If you're hiking through water, allow your sandals to drain and dry as much as possible afterward. If you’re not expecting to get wet, try to keep them as dry as you can.
- Consider Liner Socks (Optional): For some people, a thin, synthetic liner sock worn under their Tevas can help wick away moisture and reduce friction. However, this is less common with sandals than with boots and might not be comfortable for everyone.
- Address Hot Spots Immediately: During your hike, pay attention to any areas of rubbing or discomfort. If you feel a "hot spot" developing, stop and address it with moleskin, athletic tape, or a specialized blister bandage before it turns into a full blister.
- Clean Straps: Sweat, dirt, and salt can cause friction. If your straps feel gritty or rough, rinse them off with clean water when you have the opportunity.
- Moisturize Your Feet: Keeping your skin healthy and supple can make it more resistant to blisters. Regularly moisturize your feet when you're not hiking.
By taking these proactive steps, you can significantly reduce the likelihood of blisters and discomfort, making your Teva hiking experiences much more enjoyable.
Conclusion: The Enduring Appeal of Teva Hiking
So, why do people hike in Tevas? The answer is multifaceted, rooted in a desire for comfort, freedom, and a more direct connection with the outdoors. For many, Teva sandals represent a practical, enjoyable, and sometimes even superior choice for a specific set of hiking conditions. They are the go-to footwear for warm weather, water crossings, and casual trails where breathability and a lightweight feel are paramount.
While the traditional image of a hiker might involve heavy boots, the reality is that footwear choices are as diverse as the trails themselves. The enduring appeal of Tevas lies in their ability to offer a unique blend of benefits that resonate with a significant portion of the hiking community. They are a testament to the idea that sometimes, less footwear can indeed be more, allowing us to experience the natural world with greater sensation and unhindered comfort.
Whether you're a seasoned trekker or a casual rambler, considering Tevas for your next warm-weather adventure might just open up a new dimension of enjoyment on the trail. It's about understanding your needs, the demands of the environment, and choosing the footwear that allows you to best embrace the experience. And for many, that means the simple, liberating comfort of hiking in Tevas.